446 IMPERIAL KINGSHIP

Prince of Wales wore the Highland kilt throughout this visit, and captivated
the whole populace of Paris. A happy association was begun and continued
through the next fifty years. Then followed two walking tours, in Dorset and
the Lake District, and a journey up the Rhine (meeting the aged statesman,
in retirement, Prince Metternich at Johannisberg), and into Switzerland, in
company with his tutors and Eton friends. Gladstone was in this party
(1857). In 1858 the Prince's elder sister Victoria married Prince Frederick
of Prussia (son of the Crown Prince). Thereafter visits to Berlin and Potsdam
were naturally frequent. In 1859, at tlie aSe °* seventeen, the Prince with
his tutors spent a month in Rome. He stayed at the famous Hotel d'Angleterre,
worked hard (or at any rate very regularly) at the Italian language and other
studies, met Pius IX., King Frederick William IV. of Prussia (who had given
over his duties in Berlin to a regent), Queen Christina, ex-regent of Spain, the
Due de Gramont, and other notabilities. Going home by sea, he visited Spain.
In this year (1859) occurred the War of Italian Unity when, with the aid of the
Emperor Napoleon III. and a French army, King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia
achieved union with Lombardy, the Central Italian duchies, arid the northern
part of the Papal states.

The Prince's travelling was not holiday, but it was less crowded with study
than the next periods, beginning with three months at Edinburgh in the summer
of 1859. Here the Prince stayed at Holyroodhouse and received instruction
in chemistry from Professor Lyon Playfair of the University and in Greek and
Roman history from Dr Leonard Schmitz, rector (that is headmaster) of the
High SchooL He also continued his studies in French, German, and Italian.
The educational pressure was severe, especially for a youth who was not naturally
studious, though he submitted to it loyally. At Michaelmas he went into
residence at Oxford University, as an undergraduate of Christ Church. He
did not live in college, however, but with his private tutors in Frewin Hall,
a pleasant, quiet house, situated between Cornmarket Street and St Michael's
Street, later the house of the distinguished historian, Charles Oman.

The Prince spent a complete academic year (1859-60) at Oxford attending
private lecture courses with select undergraduates, and receiving private tuition
in history from Goldwin Smith, in religious and biblical subjects from Arthur
Penrhyn Stanley, in law from Herbert Fisher, He played tennis and rackets,
but was allowed only a little hunting. Being not yet eighteen when he went
into residence, he was not given permission by his father to smoke, although it
appears that he did begin to form a life-long habit of cigar-smoking at this time.
His teaching and courses of reading were carefully organised, and the Prince
Consort wrote : " The only use of Oxford is that it is a place for study.9' His
tutors, however, found that the Prince of Wales, though intelligent and possessing
ia good; memory, was not very fond of steady reading. After the long vacation